Animal Farm Essay

This is shown perfectly in Animal Farm. In the beginning animals went against Mr. Jones due to the way they were being treated. The animals felt that the farmers received all the goods for the work they did. So they created a government named Animalism, based on the Old Major’s vision. In Animalism, there are no owners, no rich, but no poor, workers got a better life, and all animals are equal. The animals established the Seven Commandments, which were laws created by the pigs to protect animals. The goals of the government were also set up. The goals said that everyone was equal, there would be more food and sleep for all, there was to be respect for all animals, and they would build a windmill to make life better for all. All this didn’t exist by the end of the book. The animals were getting less sleep, less food, and less respect. The windmill became a source of money for the leaders, not for all the animals. The seven commandments were gradually changed to suit the just the pigs until there was only one commandment left. This commandment said that some animals are more equal than others. This was the exact opposite of what they originally intended to achieve. Animalism no longer existed. The pigs began by to act more like humans, whilst at the same time changing the meaning or literally changing the laws. At the start they managed to change the meaning of all animals are equal, by asserting themselves as the â€Å"brain-workers† and taking the milk and apples. Over the years they start trading with animals, drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, making animals enemies and killing animals. Napoleon also becomes an egomaniac and has a food taster, has dogs to guard him at all times, gun is fired on his birthday, etc. this just goes on to show how he is becoming more like a human. Later on the remaining pigs also took up whips, walked on hind legs, started to wear clothes and played cards. The pigs have now taken up the role of a dictator and rule through force via the dogs, propaganda via Squealer and using the sheep’s new slogan – â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†, which destroys the whole meaning of the of the rebellion. Napoleon only cares about his wellbeing and getting as much power as possible. This is evident when he starts doing business with the humans just to get more money and when he sells Boxer to the horse slaughter for money for alcohol. The final commandment stands as a great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. . At the beginning of the novel, the idea of â€Å"more equal† would not only have seemed contrary to the democratic socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past. Could anyone give some constructive criticism on this essay please?

Acct 562 Assignment 2 – The town of bedford falls approved a general fund

Chapter 4: Problems 4–4, 4–6, 4–10, and 4–11 3–9.Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating Transactions. The Town of Bedford Falls approved a General Fund operating budget for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2011. The budget provides for estimated revenues of $2,700,000 as follows: property taxes, $1,900,000; licenses and permits, $350,000; fines and forfeits, $250,000; and intergovernmental (state grants), $200,000. The budget approved appropriations of $2,650,000 as follows: General Government, $500,000; Public Safety, $1,600,000; Public Works, $350,000; Parks and Recreation, $150,000; and Miscellaneous, $50,000. Summary General Fund operating budget: fiscal year ending June 30, 2011 Budget: revenues of $2,700,000 property taxes: $1,900,000 licenses and permits: $350,000 fines and forfeits: $250,000 intergovernmental (state grants):$200,000 The budget approved appropriations of $2,650,000 as follows: General Government:$500,000 Public Safety: $1,600,000 Public Works: $350,000 Parks and Recreation: $150,000 Miscellaneous:$50,000 Required : a. Prepare the journal entry (or entries), including subsidiary ledger entries, to record the Town of Bedford Falls’s General Fund operating budget on July 1, 2010, the beginning of the Town’s 2011 fiscal year. Answer: General LedgerSubsidiary ledger Estimated RevDR: $2,700,000 Budgetary fund Bal. CR: $2,700,000 TaxesDR: $1,900,000 Intergovernmental Rev. DR: $200,000 Licenses & PermitsDR: $350,000 b. Prepare journal entries to record the following transactions that occurred during the month of July 2010. 1. Revenues were collected in cash amounting to $31,000 for licenses and permits and $12,000 for fines and forfeits. Answer: licenses and permits (Subsidiary Ledger) DR: Licenses & Permits $31,000 CR: Cash $31,000 fines and forfeits (general ledger) DR: Estimated Rev $12,000 CR: Budgetary fund bal. $12,000 2. Supplies were ordered by the following functions in early July 2010 at the estimated costs shown: Answer: Appropriations LedgerSubsidiary ledger General GovernmentCR: $7,400 Public SafetyCR: $11,300 Public WorksCR: $6,100 Parks & RecreationCR: $4,200 Misc. CR: $900 Encumbrances subsidiary LedgerSubsidiary ledger General GovernmentDR: $7,400 Public SafetyDR: $11,300 Public WorksDR: $6,100 Parks & RecreationDR: $4,200 Misc. DR: $900 3. During July 2010, supplies were received at the actual costs shown below and were paid in cash. General Government, Parks and Recreation, and Miscellaneous received all supplies ordered. Public Safety and Public Works received part of the supplies ordered earlier in the month at estimated costs of $10,700 and $5,900, respectively. c. Calculate and show in good form the amount of budgeted but unrealized revenues in total and from each source as of July 31, 2010. Answer: Budgeted but unrealized revenues: General Govn – $100 Public Safety – ($100) Public Works – ($200) Park & Rec – $100 Misc. – $0 d. Calculate and show in good form the amount of available appropriation in total and for each function as of July 31, 2010. Answer: Available appropriation: General Govn. – $100 Public Safety – $0 Public Works – $0 Park & Rec – $100 Misc. – $0 4–4 Property Tax Calculations and Journal Entries. The Village of Darby’s budget calls for property tax revenues for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2011, of $2,660,000. Village records indicate that, on average, 2 percent of taxes levied are not collected. The county tax assessor has assessed the value of taxable property located in the village at $135,714,300. Required: a. Calculate to the nearest penny what tax rate per $100 of assessed valuation is required to generate a tax levy that will produce the required amount of revenue for the year. Answer: 2,700,000%. 096= $2,812,500 b. Record the tax levy for 2011 in the General Fund. (Ignore subsidiary detail and entries at the government-wide level. ) Answer: DR: General Revenue-Property Taxes CR: Property Taxes c. By December 31, 2011, $2,540,000 of the current property tax levy had been collected. Record the amounts collected and reclassify the uncollected amount as delinquent. Interest and penalties of 6 percent were immediately due on the delinquent taxes, but the finance director estimates that 10 percent will not be collectible. Record the interest and penalties receivable. (Round all amounts to the nearest dollar. ) 4–6 Special Revenue Fund, Voluntary Nonexchange Transactions. The City of Eldon applied for a competitive grant from the state government for park improvements such as upgrading hiking trails and bike paths. On May 1, 2011, the City was notified that it had been awarded a grant of $200,000 for the program, to be received in two installments on July 1, 2011, and July 1, 2012. The grant stipulates that $100,000 is for use in each of the city’s fiscal years ending June 30, 2012, and June 30, 2013. Any amounts not expended during FY 2012 can be carried over for use in FY 2013. During FY 2012, the city expended $90,000 for park improvements from grant resources. Required For the special revenue fund, provide the appropriate journal entries, if any, that would be made for the following: 1. May 1, 2011, notification of grant approval. Answer: No Entry 2. July 1, 2011, receipt of first installment of the grant. Answer: CR: Grant $1,000,000 DR: Cash $1,000,000 3. During FY 2011 to record expenditures under the grant. Answer: No Entry 4. July 1, 2012. CR: Grant- park improvements, $90,000 DR: Cash- grant resources, $90,000 4–10 Operating Transactions, Special Topics, and Financial Statements. The City of Ashland’s General Fund had the following post-closing trial balance at April 30, 2010, the end of its fiscal year: ? During the year ended April 30, 2011, the following transactions, in summary form, with subsidiary ledger detail omitted, occurred: 1. The budget for FY 2011 provided for General Fund estimated revenues totaling $3,140,000 and appropriations totaling $3,100,000. . The city council authorized temporary borrowing of $300,000 in the form of a 120-day tax anticipation note. The loan was obtained from a local bank at a discount of 6 percent per annum (debit Expenditures for discount). 3. The property tax levy for FY 2011 was recorded. Net assessed valuation of taxable property for the year was $43,000,000, and the tax rate was $5 per $100. It was estimated that 4 percent of the levy would be uncollectible. 4. Purchase orders and contracts were issued to vendors and others in the amount of $2,059,000. 5. The County Board of Review discovered unassessed properties with a total taxable value of $500,000. The owners of these properties were charged with taxes at the city’s General Fund rate of $5 per $100 assessed value. (You need not adjust the Estimated Uncollectible Current Taxes account. ) 6. $1,961,000 of current taxes, $383,270 of delinquent taxes, and $20,570 of interest and penalties were collected. 7. Additional interest and penalties on delinquent taxes were accrued in the amount of $38,430, of which 30 percent was estimated to be uncollectible. 8. Because of a change in state law, the city was notified that it will receive $80,000 less in intergovernmental revenues than was budgeted. 9. Total payroll during the year was $819,490. Of that amount, $62,690 was withheld for employees’ FICA tax liability, $103,710 for employees’ federal income tax liability, and $34,400 for state taxes; the balance was paid to employees in cash. 10. The employer’s FICA tax liability was recorded for $62,690. 11. Revenues from sources other than taxes were collected in the amount of $946,700. 12. Amounts due the federal government as of April 30, 2011, and amounts due for FICA taxes, and state and federal withholding taxes during the year were vouchered. 13. Purchase orders and contracts encumbered in the amount of $1,988,040 were filled at a net cost of $1,987,570, which was vouchered. 14. Vouchers payable totaling $2,301,660 were paid after deducting a credit for purchases discount of $8,030 (credit Expenditures). 15. The tax anticipation note of $300,000 was repaid. 16. All unpaid current year’s property taxes became delinquent. The balances of the current tax receivables and related uncollectibles were transferred to delinquent accounts. 7. A physical inventory of materials and supplies at April 30, 2011, showed a total of $19,100. Inventory is recorded using the purchases method in the General Fund; the consumption method is used at the government-wide level. Required a. Record in general journal form the effect of the above transactions on the General Fund and governmental activities for the year ended April 30, 2011. Do not record subsid iary ledger debits and credits. Answer: General FundDebitCredit revenues $3,140,000 appropriations $3,100,000 borrowing of $300,000 principle and interest$300,000 roperty tax levytax levyCash b. Record in general journal form entries to close the budgetary and operating statement accounts. c. Prepare a General Fund balance sheet as of April 30, 2011. Answer: General Fund Cash $3,140,000 Borrowing/Lending 300,000 Total Liabilities Vouchers payable totaling $2,301,660 materials and supplies $19,100 tax liability $62,690 d. Prepare a statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balance for the year ended April 30, 2011. Do not prepare the government-wide financial statements. 4–11 Permanent Fund and Related Special Revenue Fund Transactions. Annabelle Benton, great-granddaughter of the founder of the Town of Benton, made a cash contribution in the amount of $500,000 to be held as an endowment. To account for this endowment, the town has created the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund. Under terms of the agreement, the town must invest and conserve the principal amount of the contribution in perpetuity. Earnings, measured on the accrual basis, must be used to maintain Alex Benton Park in an â€Å"attractive manner. All changes in fair value are treated as adjustments of fund balance of the permanent fund and do not affect earnings. Earnings are transferred periodically to the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund, a special revenue fund. Information pertaining to transactions of the endowment and special revenue funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011, follows:1. The contribution of $500,000 wa s received and recorded on December 31, 2010.2. On December 31, 2010, bonds having a face value of $400,000 were purchased for $406,300, plus three months of accrued interest of $6,000. A certificate of deposit with a face and fair value of $70,000 was also purchased on this date. The bonds mature on October 1, 2019 (105 months from date of purchase), and pay interest of 6 percent per annum semiannually on April 1 and October 1. The certificate of deposit pays interest of 4 percent per annum payable on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31.3. On January 2, 2011, the town council approved a budget for the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund, which included estimated revenues of $13,400 and appropriations of $13,000.4.On March 31, 2011, interest on the certificate of deposit was received by the endowment fund and transferred to the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund.5. The April 1, 2011, bond interest was received by the endowment fund and transferred to the Alex Benton Park M aintenance Fund.6. On June 30, 2011, interest on the certificate of deposit was received and transferred to the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund.7. For the year ended June 30, 2011, maintenance expenditures from the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund amounted to $2,700 for materials and contractual services and $10,150 for wages and salaries. All expenditures were paid in cash except for $430 of vouchers payable as of June 30, 2011. Inventories of materials and supplies are deemed immaterial in amount.8. On June 30, 2011, bonds with face value of $100,000 were sold for $102,000 plus accrued interest of $1,500. On the same date, 2,000 shares of ABC Corporation’s stock were purchased at $52 per share. Required a. Prepare in general journal form the entries required in the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund to record the transactions occurring during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2011, including all appropriate adjusting and closing entries. Note: Ignore related entries in the go vernmental activities journal at the government-wide level. ) b. Prepare in general journal form the entries required in the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund to record Transactions 1–8. c. Prepare the following financial statements: (1) A balance sheet for both the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund and the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund as of June 30, 2011. (2) A statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balance for both the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund and the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund for the year ended June 30, 2011.

Against Cloning Essay

Against Cloning Essay During my interview with my grandmother I asked her what she thought of cloning. she responded by saying that it was not right and should be stopped. on theother hand i have a different opinion. I think that cloning should be continuedand furhter researched for we might be able to have different organs andsubstances produced in these clones. Below is the step that were taken to clonethe adult sheep named Dolly. Part 1: An Improbable Goal Scientists hoped thatcloning healthy, mature sheep, rather than just creating lambs from embryoniccells, could produce a highly specialized sheep with large quantities ofproteins in its milk. The proteins are believed to help treat diseases such asemphysema, hemophylia and cystic fibrosis. Part 2: The Perfect Timing For years,scientists could not synchronize the growth of the egg and the cell. If one wasoff- synch, abnormal chromosomes would soon transform in the nucleus and therebykill off the embryo. Dr. Wilmut achieved near perfection in the timing byputting the cells into hybernation; of the 277 eggs they began with, 247 live dthrough the process. Timing the growth in other species, however, has proved toscientists that cloning mature animals is extremely difficult; in the case ofmice, theyve concluded it cant be accomplished. Part 3: Jump-start from a JoltThough it has become a standard procedure in cloning, scientists are not surewhy an electric pulse sent to the two cells causes them to meld together andactivates development in the egg. They are learning, however, the shock doesntfully mimic the activation process of a sperm, which could explain why just 29of the remaining 247 cells live longer than six days. Part 4: SurrogateMotherhood Despite the fact that the newly formed embryo is transplanted intothe uterus of another ewe, scientists believe Dolly is a nearly exactcarbon-copy of her genetic originating mother. In theory, that means an almostexact look-alike of John F. Kennedy Jr. could be produced by taking cells fromhis skin, melding their nuclei with any womans egg that has had its nucleusremov ed and then planting the embryo in a surrogate mother. Part 5: A 6-Year-Oldin 7 Months? Scientists are eagerly watching Dolly to see if she exhibits thecharacteristics of her mother, a 6-year-old sheep, or those of her own age, just7 months. As animals and humans age, changes occur in their DNA such asdecreasing fertility and increasing susceptibility to cancer and other diseases. If she prematurely ages, clones of mature animals would be useless to theagriculture industry. Science

The opportunities and challenges of the Chinese market in the context Essay

The opportunities and challenges of the Chinese market in the context of globalization - Essay Example This paper shall discuss these opportunities and challenges. Main Body Literature Review The major economic progression of China for the past 20 or so years has become a source of much admiration as well as concern. Other developed countries, including the US have made significant efforts towards speeding up China’s economic growth. However, when China actually liberalized its economy, the West had contrasting feelings about such liberalization (Wen, n.d). The industrial states are now experiencing trade frictions with China which led to various protectionist actions against Chinese products which have become widely present in their markets. Moreover, the impact of China’s growth are not focused only on the economic, they also have significant political and strategic complications. Being a capitalist economy, the main goals of China as it gains strength is to be under major scrutiny by other countries (Zweig, 1999). It is difficult to understand whether its economic act ivism would present problems to the western goals towards securing political reform, human rights protection, and liberalized trade in Latin America and Africa (Liang, 2010). The bigger issue is also on whether the country will likely become a revisionist player or a status quo unit in the world economy and politics (Liang, 2010). The relationship of developing countries with China is both good and bad. In general, China’s growth has provided opportunities and challenges to the developing countries. The significant rise in China’s imports from the developing world has established an engaging market relating to the diversification of exports; however, other developing countries also have to compete with China’s products within the third world setting (Liang, 2010). For its neighbours in Asia including other developing Latin American states, there is a significant concern that China’s place in the global economy may negatively impact on their own growth. Mo reover, other Asian countries are also having the same concerns as their western counterparts about China’s expanding and growing military capability. Globalization refers to the deeper relations of different countries caused by the expanded trade, investment, and production activities. The past 10 or so years has seen the rapid pace of globalization. Globalization has actually become the foundation of centrality principles following the Cold War era (Smith and Baylis, 2005). The elements of China’s globalization shall be evaluated further in this paper. China’s economic expansion China has benefitted significantly from globalization. Since 1978 when it was gradually liberalizing its economy, the country has secured an annual expansion of its GDP at 9.4 percent. In 2007 alone, it reached a peak of 11.5 percent (Liang, 2010). This growth rate has placed the country in more or less the same pace as Germany as third world’s largest economy. China has increas ed its growth since the 1980s. In 1978, China’s foreign trade was at $20.6 billion and in 2006 it was up to $1.76 trillion (Ministry of Commerce, 2007). China’s trade share in the GDP in 2005 was at 64% (Little Data Book, 2007). China also became a major centre in manufacturing with its export platform of the cross-national production network (Liang, 2010). China’s foreign trade in 2004 included a processing trade value close to $600 million, with 60% of their profits on products

Native and European Women in the early colonial era Essay

Native and European Women in the early colonial era - Essay Example Women worked in groups especially in the farms, farms tending to the crops such as corn. Group work seemed to make work lighter for the women and many groups came from extended families. Women work was appreciated greatly as they did most of the household chores and mad sure that the family as well fed. Men were not offering much assistance and leisured around hunting animals, fishing, and building homes Women used to tend farmlands although it was a hard task during the pre-colonial times especially farming tobacco. Some of the families with enough resources could hire slaves to help in the farms. The slave women performed most of the household chores and in the farms. Women in England had a lot of authority over their women and at some time there were laws by the law-makers defined the roles for women. They came up with two distinct roles of women, the good wife free and white performed domestic chores around the house (Ulrich, 1991). The other one was the agricultural laborer mostly the blacks and slaves. White women later acquired a clear place to inherit land and another policy allowed widows and daughters to occupy the land. The native women most of them slaves serving as cooks, hairdressers, housekeepers, washerwomen, and tailors. The slaves worked in the farms as labourers and never got time for themselves. These women were to serve their masters and carry out all the housew ork without pay. Men were more than women, which created some imbalance; women became more valuable and appreciated in marriage. Women got more rights such as the right to keep any property that she brought in marriage as asserted by Ulrich (1991). A woman was supposed to be a loving wife, a mother, and a true housekeeper. Later women started owning lands and venturing in other areas such as businesses, managers of inns, and taverns. Men appreciated their women and allowed their

Thomas a Kempiions, The Imitation of Christ(Book2) Essay

Thomas a Kempiions, The Imitation of Christ(Book2) - Essay Example The book had been written at much more troubled time than our own and makes a soulful reading. Book 2 touches meditation, humility in life, the need of goodness and peace in man to live life on this earth, necessity of purity of mind and heard and unity of purpose etc. It mainly focuses on self of the reader and the resultant happiness by having a good conscience. It reminds the necessity of loving Jesus, friendship with Jesus, and not desiring to have a share in comfort. It teaches how to appreciate God's grace and his blessings. It preaches the need to love the cross as the symbol of sacrifice and suffering and choose the path on the 'Royal Road' of the Holy Cross. The main point of the book is "God is within you" and the necessity of despising external things. "He who follows me, walks not in darkness" The Treatise says that by devoting self and making the inner kingdom ready for Christ, an individual can invite God to himself2. The first chapter calls for the renouncement of all external worldly belongings to devote time and energy for the spiritual devotion and heavenly thoughts3. The second chapter is about its humility and its uses4 and how much God loves a humble individual. It says that the humble man keeps his conscience clear, suffers in silence, and finds the protection of the God5. The third chapter mainly talks about the goodness and peace in man. ... It says how important it is to be good even to bad people, because it is easy to be nice to the good and difficult to tolerate the bad. Unless one has inner peace, it is impossible to achieve peace for others. It needs great mental strength to treat both kinds of people with the same understanding7. The fourth chapter is about the purity of mind and unity of purpose and it brings forth the importance of simplicity and purity and the need to be free from ill-ordered affection. If the heart is pure any deed could be achieved and anything could be perceived with great clarity8. With pure heart, it is possible to achieve all the joy in the world. Fear of toil, welcoming external comfort, and growing lax will make the individual more sluggish. Instead, he should welcome suffering to attain inner light9. Chapter 5 is about self and the about the need to put our inner house in order, hold tongues about others10, and avoid relying too much on self. It is it is necessary to free self from all temporal cares and treat everything on equal footing11 and regard only God as the superlative of all. The sixth chapter is about the joy of a good conscience12, which is the glory of a good man. Sinners can never rejoice and there is no peace for the wicked and this shows how important it is to maintain a clear, non-reproaching conscience13. It is necessary for the man to think inwardly with good motives, without caring for praise or blame, to do good and think little about it14. The seventh chapter is mainly about loving the God, who is the ultimate true friend, and it is necessary to cling to him till the final breath because Jesus needs your pure heart15. All other outward appearances in which we trust will show one day that they are deceitful and untrustworthy. Chapter 8 once

Dicussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dicussion - Essay Example Corporations are viewed as persons because they have rights and freedoms almost similar to those given to a human being. For example, under the United Sates constitution corporations cannot be deprived the right to liberty, life or property without due process. Additionally, under the Fourteenth Amendment no state shall not deny any person the equal protection of the laws in that even the corporations should not be discriminated. Corporations have the right to own, acquire and dispose of property, as well as, sue and be sued. However, although corporations are given these rights they are denied the right to vote as a person and to acquire licensure because the corporations do not meet any educational requirements. A corporation is created by filing the article of association with the secretary of state and when the articles are accepted or approved a corporate charter is given to a corporation (Showalter, 2014). Incorporation of the organization means gives the corporation five principal advantages. They include limited liability, perpetual existence, free transfer of ownership interest, ability to raise capital and taxation separate from individual income taxes. Corporations have both implied and express powers that are written down clearly under the statute or charter. The powers of the corporation have to be consistent with the charter and when the corporation goes against those powers they are held to be ultra vires meaning that they acted beyond their limit. Hospitals are viewed as Not-for-profit organization, which is mostly owned by shareholders. The shareholders are entitled and are expected to receive dividends from the corporation’s earnings, and they are also allowed to share assets in case of the dissolution of the corporation. Although Not-for- Profit corporation are allowed most of the privileges of the corporation in case they want to use the corporation for other gains they have to include such acts in

Mastering Time Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mastering Time Management - Essay Example Successfully identifying the different tasks is one half of the time management battle. Managing these priorities with disciplined follow through is the other half. In order to be successful in today's world, the student, business executive, housewife or teacher must be able to identify and follow through with disciplined tenacity. In their breakthrough time management book The One Minute Manager, Johnson and Spencer developed the following four quadrant graph which can be used by any person seeking to develop a greater control over their time usage. The graph is based on breaking down tasks into 4 categories, and identifying their importance relative to your this category. Tasks which are not urgent or important can swallow hours of time, like a check written against a zero balance bank account, return nothing. Quadrant 2 tasks are not important, but urgent none the less. Sometime answering the phone or email can seem like an urgent matter. However, even these simple tasks can steal time from more important issues. Quadrant 3 and 4 are the most important tasks which cross your desk every day. Left unattended, these items typically are those which grow into major issues, or 'forest fires' which will require significant amounts of time and energy to subdue if not handled when they are first identified. Quadrant 4 tasks are already small fires which need immediate attention. Quadrant 3 contains those items which will become forest fires if not managed immediately. The key to successful time management is identifying first and foremost the quadrant 3 tasks and priorities. According to the authors, these issues will account for 80% of a person's success or failure in live. Quadrant 3 issues can be managed easily with maximum return on the time spent if they are successfully addresses while in quadrant 3. If these tasks grow to be both urgent and important, they will likely move to control the person, rather than the person controlling them. For example, paying government taxes each year is an important, but not urgent matter. However, if a person does not pay taxed or file returns for a number of years, and the matter comes to the attention of the IRS, the person no longer is in control of the process. The government agency will dictate how, and when, and how much will be paid. The agency will control the person rather than the person controlling the simple task of paying taxes little by little. The second half of effective time management is disciplined follow through. A person can be excellent on determining the priorities of their tasks. However, if he or she does not follow through, and effectively complete the tasks, he or she may as well live with no tasks or to do lists at all. Any person, regardless of talent, intelligence, or income level will be no more effective than his or her willingness to follow through, and do the work. The world is full of unemployed geniuses. Anyone can have great ideas, and bask their 'fifteen minutes of fame' only to disappear into oblivion. The person who consistently performs his or her prioritized tasks will eventually

Corporate Social Responsibility in Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Social Responsibility in Tesco - Essay Example As the paper highlights the stakeholder’s theory is common in the corporate social responsibility and Tesco has indicated development based on its environmental and social welfare. The corporate structure of Tesco as reflected on the responsibilities of corporate social responsibilities. The long-term goals and development of the company are outlined. In Hunnicutt, the stakeholder’s theory focuses on the development of valuable resources for the customers so that the corporation can gain their loyalty.This study outlines that according to the stakeholder’s theory, Tesco has managed its corporate social responsibilities; this has resulted to successful incorporation and the execution of its issues. The structure of Tesco has enabled it to implement diverse ethical aspects and formulating new strategies for CSR, Crifo and Ponssard. The stakeholder theory indicates that the major responsibility of businesses is to develop value for the consumers. This means that the CRS has the initiative of emphasizing on the company’s commitment to its stakeholders who are the employees who in return educate its consumers.  Tesco is committed to corporate responsibility and it has been renowned as the leading retail company in the United Kingdom. The Tesco stores sever diverse communities in the entire country and through the interaction; they manage to fulfill its duties as a business, employer, and neighbor. The customers usually expect the company to produce more local products.  

Managing information and financial resources Essay

Managing information and financial resources - Essay Example Profitability of Astra Zeneca has been analyzed by using four profitability ratios, namely gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio, return on total assets, and net profit ratio. Gross profit measures the percentage of each sales dollar remaining after the company has paid for the goods sold. In fact this is the margin of profit created by sales to meet overheads and other expenses. Astra has shown an improvement in this area of profitability as its gross profit has increased from 78.28% in 2007 to 79.12% in 2008. This also reflects the improvement in its efficiency in managing its cost of sales. Operating profits are also called EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes).These are pure profits because they measure only the profits earned on operations ignoring interest, taxes, and preference dividends. Astra has shown improvement in operating earnings in 2008 when compared with 2007. In 2008 operating profit ratio was 28.94% which is an efficient improvement when compared to 27.38% in 2007. Ratio of net profit remaining after taxes reflect the overall performance of the firm after meeting all expenses, overheads, finances expenses, and taxes. In 2007 this ratio was 19.04% which improved slightly to 19.4% in 2008. Profitability assessment can also be made on basis of return on total assets (ROA). It is also called return on investments. This ratio measures the overall efficiency of management in generating profits. Astra’s return on assets was 13.04% in 2008, which is a definite improvement over ROI of 11.67% in 2007. Liquidity of a firm represents the firm’s ability to meet its short term liabilities as those become due. In fact liquidity refers to the solvency of overall financial position of the firm. Liquidity of a firm is generally measured by its current ratio and quick ratio. However, average collection period and average payment period are related liquidity checks

Novel “Asturias” Essay Example for Free

Novel â€Å"Asturias† Essay Celebrity and fame don’t affect all relationships equally; some individual’s relationships are positively affected while others are affected negatively. Some individuals are easily influenced by fame and let it influence their relationships. Brain Caswell shows these ideas in the novel â€Å"Asturias† in the novel it is about a group being formed to make music and to make it in the world of fames. The song by Ed Sheeran’s You Need Me is about the singer ready to enter fame and is determined to make it. The trailer for Almost Famous is about a boy entering a new world full of celebrities. Asturias explores how fame can affect a celebrity’s relation both positively and negatively. In Asturias fame creates opportunities for individuals to form new relations or enhance old ones. Max desire to, â€Å"assemble a band†¦. With image and substance† reveals how fame gives the group members (Alex, Chrissie, Marco, Tasha and Tim) opportunity to meet each other and form new relationships. This idea also highlights Tim’s observation how, â€Å"you have more friends than ever† when you become famous. Celebrities have more fans and meet more celebrities of which they have idolised. It affects their relations towards the band members in their group. Ed Sheeran’s song You need me, also shows how fame can give more opportunities and exceed in life through the use of metaphor in the line â€Å"more greener pastures†. Likewise the trailer for almost famous also supports the notion that fame can create new relationships as the main character is introduced to rock stars and befriends them. This is emphasised when the main character is shown in a mid shot at the start of the trailer. With an upbeat song playing in the background highlighting his vulnerability and how he is starting the journey to fame. This vulnerable shot contrast with later shots where he is singing with the band members in their bus showing that his joined their group. Fame may create opportunities however it can put strains in relationships. Fame can create opportunities for forming new relationships or enhancing old relationships, in the trailer almost famous it shows the main character in a mid shot with an up beat song playing in the background showing his vulnerability and leading on through the trailer he starts his journey to  fame. He starts to experience the ride that everyone dreams for. These relations are affect by fame because they shown they are alone and they begin to make new friends such as rock stars and celebrities and they being to have friendships with. In the line by Ed Sheeran, â€Å"move to greener pastures,† he uses metaphor to show that he wants to go far and exceed in life. Fame gives him more opportunities to exceed in life and it brings new opportunities in his life. Also in Asturias the line â€Å" you have more friends then ever†, it shows how there are also new people entering in your life. New relationships are made and fame gives them these opportunities. Lastly fame gives you the dream. It’s a clichà © it gives you the opportunity to exceed in life and try new things and do the thing you love. Fame puts strain on old relationships epically with friends and family or can make it difficult to make new (real) friends. Such as in almost famous â€Å"rock starts have steeled my son†, the imagery of fame taking away her son, it affects the mums and sons relationship negatively because her son is to caught up on all the glitz and glamor. The mum knows these people are fake and don’t really care about the son. It also puts a strain in the mums and son relationship as the mother is loosing her son and they are distant. In relation, in Asturias the motif of the â€Å"brass ring† communicates the idea that fame and celebrity is not what it looks like it seems perfect and it everything you imagine it is gold in our eyes. Marco’s realises this when his dad wants to come back into the picture again, his dad just wants his money and doesn’t want him for all the other things. Marcos relations ship is like the brass ring. It looks like gold when his dad wants him but he starts to realise that his dad’s just brass and the idea of him really wanting to know him was an illusion. Brian Caswell outlines that fame has a positive and negative aspects as evident in the line, â€Å"with one hand it gives you the dream, with the other it takes a subtle payment†, where juxtaposition and imagery displays how fame is not always beneficial and always has a price. It shows how it can affect the relationships with your family and friends. You start to feel disconnected but you are making new friends however these friends may be untrustworthy and won’t be they’re when you stuff up. As you see fame has influenced these relationships in a negatively way. Keeping relationships intact while being famous requires hard work and a good support system plus you need to stay connected to the real world. In the song, You Need Me by Ed Sheeran in the line, â€Å"from day one I’ve been prepared†, the composer shows that he’s ready to entre fame, he’s ready to live the lifestyle of socialising, paparazzi, criticism and fake friends. He is ready to live in that negative environment which may affect his relation towards him self. Also in this line the rhythm is fast and up beat, he’s also rapping he uses this to show that fame is constantly fast you got to keep in track and your constantly have to keep putting yourself out their until you make it. In the line, â€Å"the light at the end of the tunnel was beginning to look less and less like an on-coming train†. Brian Caswell does this to show how their seems to be more hope and that the dream can actually happen, through the use of illusion. It shows how f ame affected the group’s relationship positively because they had a good support system and they stay connected to the their family and friends. Fame affects relationships by changing their lifestyle and world. It changes their lifestyle and world because new people entre your life such as fans. You loose your close friends because fame start to take over your life and usually your friends say remember me when you’re famous, because they know their going to loose you. You have a new status to live up to and you have are more restricted with your life. Your lifestyle change to glamorous fast paced, luxurious and wealthy. Your confidence grows and you are also placed in a new environment that surrounds you with expectations and partying and drugs and alcohol. In conclusion celebrity and fame can affects relations based on the person and the relationships on the others. Fame can affect them on the way they think about life by achieving their goals and knowing that anything can happen. However it also can impact their life by changing it around and influencing them to a false world and change their whole persona on life. Celebrity and fame can impact many relations it all depends on the individual and the way they look on to fame.

Economic of Beekeeping Essay Example for Free

Economic of Beekeeping Essay As we know wax comb forms the environment in which the honeybee colony exists. The cells in the comb are used to rear brood, workers, drones and queens and also to store honey and pollen. The configuration of the wax combs provides insulation and channels the ventilation within the hive. To produce this fixed asset the honeybees must convert some of their liquid assets. The weight of wax within a BS deep brood frame is approximately 150g and therefore in the eleven frames making up a full national brood box there are 1650g of wax. The rate of exchange of honey to wax is 6. 25:1 [1]. In other words 6. 25 kg of honey is required to produce 1kg of wax. Therefore it can be seen that the wax within a brood box is equivalent to 10. 3 kg of honey. Feral honeybees, where possible, use new wax comb to rear brood and then reuse the wax comb to store pollen and honey. The practice of framed comb beekeeping has led to brood comb being repeatedly used to rear brood, cells being recycled six or seven times a year and then used similarly over many years. This is in contrast to the traditional beekeeping in skeps and the Warre hive beekeeping which have, as a fundamental feature, the annual regeneration of new comb for brood rearing. Evolution ensures that natural systems are energy efficient, so we might ask why bees in a natural environment do not so readily reuse brood comb. Brood combs can become reservoirs for pathogens and it appears that honeybees have evolved with behaviour patterns that recognise that the cost of new comb is less than the cost of disease. This could explain why EFB and AFB only became apparent as problems with the introduction of framed comb beekeeping.

Enzyme Kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase

Enzyme Kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase David Romero Perez Enzyme kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase and its behaviour in the presence of Edrophonium. Abstract The aim of the present study was to test the effects of edrophonium on the enzyme kinetics of acetylcholinesterase. The use of s-acetylthiocholine as a substrate with its breakdown by acetylcholinesterase and the later reaction into a coloured product, allowed the utilization of colorimetric technique in conjunction with spectrophotometry. A Michaelis-Menton and a Lineweaver-Burk plot showed edrophonium to be an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that does not fit with the classical descriptions of competitive, non-competitive or uncompetitive inhibitors. The results though were coherent with previous research that classed edrophonium as a mixed inhibitor at concentrations similar to the ones used in the present study, 10 uM. On the contrary, the same study suggested that edrophonium behaves as a competitive inhibitor at concentrations of 0.1 uM but this concentration was not tested on the present study and, therefore, further research is required. Introduction Chemical reactions are the fundamental basis of all matter and, therefore, of life. The study of the chemistry relevant to life is called biochemistry and inside this discipline the study of enzymes has been of particular importance. Enzymes simply make rare chemical events common enough to allow the accumulation of, otherwise, improvable molecules or products required for life (Laidler, 1997). Thanks to millions of years of evolution the level of sophistication in biological systems has reached high levels, allowing fine-tuned regulation of enzymes and their products (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012). Nonetheless, the study of the enzyme kinetics and how their regulation works had to overcome, with great efforts, the technological difficulties of such small and fast reactions (Laidler, 1997). The first studies done on enzyme kinetics were on fermentation. From ancient cultures to the present humans have use fermentation to produce alcohol and bread. But it was not until the 19th century that fermentation started to be studied. Fischer’s lock and key hypothesis was one of the first successful although not completely accurate attempts to explain the process (Laidler, 1997). On 1902 Brown studied invertase, using yeast and sucrose, discovering the Enzyme-Substrate complex (ES) (Kenneth, 2013). This provided the fundamental blocks for the development of the new-born biochemistry discipline. Another hallmark on biochemistry was the work of Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten, 1913, Michaelis-Menten equation (E + S →↠ ES →↠ ES ´ → E + products). Their experiment failed but gave us important lessons on the importance of pH on enzyme reactions (Laidler, 1997). The pH is important because most, if not all, enzymes are active only at specific ranges of pH, and usually reach their optimum activity around 7.0 pH. This value is common in biological systems although specialized enzymes may require higher or lower values (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012). Also, the previously mentioned researchers produced an easy way of visualizing the data in the form of a graph called the Michaelis-Menten plot. This graph allows quick recognition of important parameters like the maximum activity reached by the enzyme (Vmax) and the amount of substrate required to produce half Vmax (Km) (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012; Laidler, 1997). The Michaelis-Menten plot will be used in this study to show both parameters in relation to the enzyme achetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme of vital importance for the nervous system. As an enzyme is a globular protein mostly released to the inter-synaptic space between neurons’ axons and dendrites. Its purpose there is to break down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to prevent it from continuously activating acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic neuron (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012). As with every enzyme other substances can interact with it or with the conformation of the E+S complex. These components are called inhibitors and are usually described as competitive, non-competitive or uncompetitive, although mixed inhibitors have been also described (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012; Howard, 2007). For any chemical to be classed as an inhibitor it must have an negative effect on the Vmax and/or Km. The effect on those would decide what type of inhibitor the chemical is. If competitive the inhibitor binds to the catalytic site and Vmax remains the same while Km is increased. On the other side, if non-competitive, it would bind on a different location than the catalytic site, preventing the binding of the substrate. In this case Vmax would be the same but Km would be decreased. In turn, an uncompetitive inhibitor binds to the Enzyme-Substrate complex (ES) and both Vmax and Km, are decreased (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012; Howard, 2007). In the present study the kinetics of achetylcholinesterase are tested in the presence or absence of edrophonium in order to investigate if it is indeed an inhibitor and to which class it belongs. These values were found using a combination of spectrophotometry and colourometry techniques. Spectrophotometry is a technique in which light crosses a cuvette containing the solutes. The content of the solution absorbs a certain amount of light depending on the concentration of the coloured chemical, therefore, less light will reach the detector at the other side of the cuvette. This is called the transmittance, and allows us to calculate the absorbance by subtracting the transmittance to 1 (1-T=A). The absorbance increases or decreases with the capacity of the solution to absorb light, giving an accurate reading of changes in solution composition or concentrations as is the case with enzymes in the presence of their specific substrate (Blauch, 2014; Reed, et al., 1998). This is calculated using the Beer-Lambert law which states that absorbance can be obtained by the equation A=Ecl (E=molar absorbitivity, c=concentration, l=longitude of the path of light which is commonly 1cm) (Anon., n.d.) Being the molar absorptivity (E) of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid 1.3610^4. The Beer-Lam bert equation can be rearranged (Anon., n.d.) to study the concentrations of unknown samples given that A and E are known and it provides the basis to accurate study of enzyme kinetics together with colourometric technique. Colourometry is based in the natural correlation between the amount of coloured chemical in a solution and the intensity of that colour. Therefore, by comparing solutions of known concentration of the same chemical it is possible to determine the concentration of the unknown concentration sample (Lancashire, 2011). To do so, a spectrophotometer is used by setting it up at the specific wavelength that corresponds to the colour of the reaction (Reed, et al., 1998). In some cases the product of the enzymatic reaction may not produce any colour and a modified substrate can be used. As it was explained before, acetylcholinesterase hydrolyses (breaks down) acetylcholine into an acetyl group and choline. The problem when trying to use the colourometric technique to measure the substrate production is that choline is colourless, hence the reason s-acetylthiocholine is used instead. The break down product thiocholine reacts with 5,5’dithiobis acid (DTNB) to produce 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (E=1.3610^4). This final product is yellow coloured and can be measured using the spectrophotometer at 412nm wavelength, allowing the precise study of acetylcholinesterase kinetics. Materials The agents used in this experiment were phosphate buffer (0.1 M), acetylthiocholine (15mM), DTNB reagent (6mM), acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.3 u/ml) and water. All of them provided by UCLan School of Biomedical Sciences. In order to create the mixtures Gilson pipettes ( p20, p200 and p1000) with their respective tips were used. In addition, 3ml tubes were used for the initial adding of agents and 1ml standard plastic cuvettes for the spectrometer, which was also used to measure the absorbance. Methods The present study was divided in three parts. The aim of the first part was to find out the effect of enzyme concentration on rate reaction. The second part aimed to find the effect of different substrate concentration on rate reaction. Finally the third part studied the effect of edrophonium on enzyme rate reaction at different substrate concentrations. As a general note, every single dilution was kept at 3.0ml volume, using phosphate buffer as solvent. Also, every single dilution had 0.1ml AChE but in controls it was replaced with 0.1ml phosphate buffer to keep the 3.0ml volume. All mixtures were produce at room temperature. Plastic cuvettes were used to measure up absorbance in a spectrometer at 412 nm wavelength for two minutes, being the result the average per minute of those two minutes. For the first part of the study on effect of enzyme concentration on rate reaction the mixtures were produced as showed in table 1. AGENT VOLUME 1ST MIXTURE VOLUME 2ND MIXTURE VOLUME 3RD MIXTURE STOCK CONC. REACTION CONC. PHOSPHATE BUFFER 1.25 ml 1.2 ml 1.1 ml 0.1 M 50 mM ACETYLTHIOCHOLINE 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 15mM 0.5 mM DTNB REAGENT 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 6 mM 0.2 mM AChE 0.05 ml 0.1 ml 0.2 ml 0.3 u/ml 1st-0.005 u/ml 2nd-0.01 u/ml 3rd-0.02 u/ml WATER 1.5 ml 1.5 ml 1.5 ml n/a n/a Table 1 Reaction Mixtures. Before measuring every mixture the spectrometer was blanked with the correspondent control without the enzyme. The second part of the study looked at the effect on rate reaction of different substrate concentrations. The mixtures were produced with the volumes detailed in table 2. ACETYLTHIOCHOLINE (ml) PHOSPHATE BUFFER (ml) DTNB REAGENT (ml) AChE (ml) WATER Reaction conc of Acetylthiocholine (uM) 0.20 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 1000 0.10 1.2 0.1 0.1 1.5 500 0.05 1.25 0.1 0.1 1.5 250 0.02 1.28 0.1 0.1 1.5 100 0.01 1.29 0.1 0.1 1.5 50 0.005 1.295 0.1 0.1 1.5 25 Table 2 Composition of mixtures of acetylcholinesterase enzyme reaction without edrophonium. The effect of edrophonium on rate reaction was studied on the third part of the experiment. The mixtures were produced following table 3. Acetylthiocholine (ml) Phosphate Buffer (ml) DTNB Reagent (ml) Edrophonium (ul) AChE (ml) Water (ml) Reaction conc of acetythiocholine (uM) 0.20 1.1 0.1 100 0.1 1.5 1000 0.10 1.20 0.1 100 0.1 1.5 500 0.05 1.25 0.1 100 0.1 1.5 250 0.02 1.28 0.1 100 0.1 1.5 100 0.01 1.29 0.1 100 0.1 1.5 50 0.005 1.295 0.1 100 0.1 1.5 25 Table 3 Composition of mixtures of acetylcholinesterase enzyme reaction with edrophonium. Once the absorbance was recorded, the Beer-Lambert law equation was transformed to calculate the Velocity of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (E=1.3610^4) production in Moles/litre/min achieved by every mixture: -A=ECL → C=A/E (L equals 1 per 1 cm of light path length inside the spectrophotometer cuvettes). The full calculations can be consulted in appendix 1. Results For the first part of the study the effect of enzyme concentration on rate reaction was measured and the velocity on nM/L/min was calculated and noted in table 4. Acetylcholinesterase concentration in u/ml Velocity of reaction in ÃŽ ¼M/L/min 0.005 2.05 0.01 3.97 0.02 7.8 Table 4 Calculated Velocity of reaction by acetylcholinesterase concentration. The velocity was plotted against enzyme concentration in graph 1, which shows a linear relationship between both parameters. Graph 1 Enzyme reaction of acetylcholine in response to enzyme concentration. Next the velocities of enzyme reaction at acetylthiocholine concentrations ranging from 25-1000 ÃŽ ¼M in the presence or absence of edrophonium were calculated and noted in table 5. Reaction concentration of Acetylthiocholine (ÃŽ ¼M) Velocity of reaction without edrophonium (ÃŽ ¼M/L/min) Velocity of reaction with edrophonium (ÃŽ ¼M/L/min) 25 2.5 0.15 50 2.87 0.95 100 3.6 1.25 250 3.75 2.57 500 4.34 2.65 1000 6.62 3 Table 5 calculated Velocities of acetylcholinesterase enzymatic reaction with and without edrophonium. Using the data from table 5 a Michaelis-Menton graph was plotted in graph 2 in order to reveal changes in Vmax and Km in the presence or absence of edrophonium. Graph 2 Michaelis-Menton plot of acetylcholine in the presence or absence of edrophonium. Clear differences on Vmax and Km were found between mixtures with or without edrophonium. In its presence Vmax dropped from 4.34 uM/L/ml to 3.01 uM/L/ml. On the contrary, the amount of substrate (s-acetylthiocholine) required to achieve 50% of Vmax was increased from 30 uM/ml to 100 uM/ml. There was a problem with the higher concentration mixture of the absence condition as it produced a higher than expected absorbance. This was examined in the discussion section. A Lineweaver-Burk plot (graph 3) showed the same results with decreased Vmax and increased Km. Graph 3 Lineweaver-Burk plot acetylcholinesterase in the presence and absence of edrophonium. In agreement with what was observed in graph 2, the graph showed that edrophonium is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The kind of inhibitor it belongs to was examined in the discussion section. Discussion When comparing the Michaelis-Menton and the Lineweaver-Burk plots with the standard results of competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibitors (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012), it became clear edrophonium did not belong to any of those. This can be explained by understanding the mode of action of a given inhibitor with the enzyme-substrate complex. Different inhibitors interact with different parts of a given enzyme or at different moments. A competitive inhibitor â€Å"competes† with the substrate for the catalytic site of the enzyme. As a consequence, the Vmax is reduced but if the concentration of the substrate is increased, more substrate would reach the catalytic site, nullifying the effect of the inhibitor although increasing the Km. An uncompetitive inhibitor does not bind to the catalytic site but somewhere else on the enzyme. It binds only once the E+S complex has been formed, decreasing the reaction rate regardless the substrate concentration. As a result the enzyme can not reach its normal Vmax and the Km is decreased. On the other hand, a noncompetitive inhibitor does not need the E+S complex to bind to the enzyme and does not decrease E+S formation. However, the E+S+I complex would not create a product, inactivating the enzyme. Basically, the noncompetitive inhibitor has taken a percentage of the active enzy me from the population, decreasing the Vmax but maintaining the same Km for the rest of the active enzyme population (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012). The results of the present study suggest that edrophonium decreases the Vmax whilst increasing the Km and this effect can not be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. As a result, it can be classed as a mixed inhibitor, which inhibits the binding of the enzyme to the substrate and, at the same time, inactivates a proportion of the enzyme population (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2012). This has been supported by previous research (Robaire Kato, 1975) that found edrophonium to be a competitive inhibitor at concentrations of 0.1 uM but a mixed inhibitor at concentrations like the used in the present study, 10 uM. There were some limitations with the materials used. Plastic cuvettes were used instead of glass ones which are more suitable for organic solvents (Reed, et al., 1998). Also, the relative pipetting inexperience of the researches might have affected the accuracy of the resulting mixtures, hence the odd results for the mixture of higher substrate concentration on the absence condition. In future research it is recommended to improve pipetting accuracy maybe by using an automated pipetting system. Also, the timing in enzymatic reactions is critical, as these reactions occur often in seconds or even milliseconds (Laidler, 1997). Therefore, a multiplate spectrophotometer reader could be used to measure the absorbance of the mixtures. This would avoid any potential differences and delays from the moment the mixture is done to its reading. Also, lower concentrations of edrophonium (0.1 uM) should be tested to corroborate Robaire and kato’s (1975) research. In conclusion, in agreement with previous research (Bonaire Kato, 1975), the data points at edrophonium as an acetylcholinesterase mixed inhibitor at least at high concentrations (10 uM). Nonetheless, it needs to be confirmed in future research that edrophonium is also a competitive inhibitor at low concentration. At the same time, the technique could be optimized by the use of automated means in order to improve accuracy given the odd results produced by poor pipetting accuracy. References Anon (n.d.) Beers Law. Available: http://teaching.shu.ac.uk/hwb/chemistry/tutorials/molspec/beers1.htm. Last accessed 15th Jan 2014. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed. New York: Freeman. Blauch D. N. (2014) Spectrophotomery. Available: http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/spectrophotometry/Spectrophotometry.html. Last accessed 15th Jan 2014. Howard, A. J. (2007) Enzyme inhibition and regulation, CSRRi,iit, [online]. Available at: http://csrri.iit.edu/~howard/biochem/lectures/enzymeinhibition.html. Last accessed 15th Jan 2014. Kenneth, A. J. (2013) A century of enzyme kinetic analysis, 1913 to 2013. FEBSLetters. 587, 2753-2766. Laidler, K. J. (1997) A brief history of enzyme kinetics. In: A. Cornish-Bowden ed. New Beer in an Old Bottle: Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, pp. 127-133. Lancashire, R. J. (2011) EXPERIMENT 36 COLOURIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE. Available: http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c10expt36.html. Last accessed 15th Jan 2014. Reed, R. Holmes, D. Weyers, J. Jones, A. (1998) Practical Skills in Biomolecular Sciences. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson. 310-313. Robaire, B., Kato, G. (1975) Effects of Edrophonium, Eserine, Decamethonium, d-Tubocurarine, and Gallamine on the Kinetics of Membrane-Bound and Solubilized Eel Acetylcholinesterase. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY. 11 (6), 722-734. Appendix 1 Velocity calculations Normal absorbances (nM) Divided by E Velociy (ÃŽ ¼M/L/min) 1/Velocity 0.034 2.5 0.4 0.039 2.87 0.35 0.049 1.3610^4 3.6 0.277 0.051 3.75 0.266 0.059 4.34 0.23 0.090 6.62 0.15 absorbances in the presence of edrophonium (nM) Divided by E Velociy (ÃŽ ¼M/L/min) 1/Velocity 0.002 0.15 6.6 0.013 0.95 1.05 0.017 1.3610^4 1.25 0.8 0.035 2.57 0.39 0.036 2.65 0.37 0.041 3 0.33

Evil Mother in Rebecca Rushs Novel Kelroy :: Rebecca Rush Kelroy Essays

Evil Mother in Rebecca Rush's Novel Kelroy Rebecca Rush's novel Kelroy is an exceptional novel on mannerisms in the nineteenth century. Mrs. Hammond is the key character in this novel. The plot and characters all seam to inner relate with her. In this novel, Mrs. Hammond is seen as an evil, conniving woman. There are many twists and turns in this novel, but there is one thing that is constant, and that is that Mrs. Hammond motives are to take care of herself and secure her own future, and according to her it doesn't matter how she doses this or who she uses to her benefit. The novel begins with Mrs. Hammond trying to figure out how she couldtake care of her two daughters and live the lifestyle that she has become accustomed, when she is left widowed, with little money. And figure it out she did. She came up with a precise plan on how to exactly go about doing this. The key was to marry her daughters off to wealthy men so they would be taken care of and, most important, so would she. The plan was for her to educate her daughters and keep them in seclusion until they were of the age to marry. She only had a little bit of time to accomplish her goals before her money ran out. When they were old enough, she through the biggest and best parties. Her plan seamed to work out well because it didn't take long for Lucy to become engaged to Lord Walsingham. According to Mrs. Hammond this was a perfect match. He was a handsome, rich man from a good British family. Now with the fate of Lucy solved, Mrs. Hammond only had to focus on Emily. As a reader reading this book you would think this would be no problem. Emily was the prettier than her sister, and sweeter too. She was not only beautiful she was smart, although she tended to think with her heart instead of her head. Instead of the beautiful, youngest, well know Hammond girl falling in love, or becoming engaged to a wealthy man that Mrs.

Sport Psychology Essay -- essays research papers

Sport Psychology: How it Helps Athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our society today it seems like sports rule the land. Everywhere we look, there is some kind of sporting event going on or being televised. Almost everyone could be considered a fan of at least one sport. Some people follow sports like a religion. With such an increased focus on sports, the athlete's performances are put under a microscope. This puts more pressure on athletes to give a winning performance. No longer do athletes play for fun, they play to win. This isn't happening just on the professional level; it is happening on all levels of sport. From little league to backyard football, the goal is to win at all cost. With this increase pressure, athletes are looking for more and more ways to better their performance. One such way, which is now gaining popularity, is Sports Psychology. Though this isn't a new field, its popularity is just beginning to take off. There is still a lot of skepticism about the validity or worth while of the practices used. The f ollowing is a review of a number of articles that outline different studies done that show how athletes can improve their performances. The articles were found using a database search of PsychInfo. Keywords such as increased performance, psychological practices, and sports were used to narrow the search. What is Sport Psychology?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years there have been many different definitions offered as to what Sport Psychology is. One of the best ways to look at it is to ask what does a psychologist do? A psychologist does a variety of things. They provide psychological assessment, crisis intervention, and psychological service. Just to name a few broad areas. All of these are areas that can also be useful to an athlete. A lot of the tools used by a sport psychologist are adapted directly from clinical psychology. Concepts such as Freud's Psychodynamics, Caltel's Personality Test, and The Piagetial Cognitive Theory are widely used. (Sloubanov, 1999) All of these are critical tools used by a sport psychologist to assist an athlete with his or her problem. Sport psychology involves preparing the mind of an athlete, just as one prepares the body. Sport psychology is an emerging field in the worlds of psychology and athletics. What Methods are Used?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem that an athlet... ...een much progress and many changes. Sport has gone through a great metamorphosis that no one of that time could ever imagine. Today sport psychology has moved from the simple experiments of the early labs to sophisticated trials and tests. Focus is now on subjects as mental health , psychopysiological reactivity, and body image and esteem. (Gauvin, Spence, 1995, p. 436) The world of athletics is now a business, and now like other businesses, is always looking for ways to improve itself. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since athletics seems to be moving from being a pastime to a way of life for many in today's world, it is important that there is a means to improve performance. The corporate world has long been using psychological techniques to improve employee performance. It was only a matter of time before the athletic world adopted the same practices. Some people are skeptical about the validity of sport psychology, while others live by it. With sports producing hundreds of millions of dollars each year. It is important that athletes do everything that they can to improve the way that they play. Sport psychology is a valid, scientific way for athletes to do just that.

John Constable :: Biography Biographical Painter Artist Essays

John Constable John Constable was born on June 11, 1776, in East Bergholt, Suffolk. As a young man he worked for his father in the family business at a flour mill. In 1799, Constable decided to leave the flour mill so that he could study at the Royal Academy School. His first landscape painting was in 1802 and after that he studied painting and English Rural life on his own. Constable developed a distinctly individual style. His paintings were "executed in the open air rather than in a studio, as was customary, was an innovation in English art. Constable departed from the traditions of Dutch and English painting by discarding the usual brown under painting and achieving more luminous lighting effects through the use of broken bits of color applied with a palette knife. The Dedham Vale, The Cornfield, The Leaping Horse, and The Hay Wain are great examples of Constable's individual style and how he was a Romantic Painter. One of Constable's first important paintings was Dedham Vale of 1802 and the Dedham Vale of 1828. These paintings "repeat intrinsically the composition of that compact gem - like scene" (Reynolds,21). The Dedham Vale of 1828 was painted from a topographical point of view. "The painting shows a view from the hill bordering the Stour Valley. Constable loved the view from the Stour Valley so much, that he drew from almost the same spot in several sketches and painted at least three versions in oil." Constable described the Dedham Vale as, "perhaps my best." Because Constable painted in the open air rather than in a studio, his attention to detail is almost unmatched. The way "he catches the sunlight in blobs of pure white and yellow." Maybe Constable sums it up well when he says; "I should paint my own places best - painting is but another word for feeling. I associate my "careless boyhood" to all that lies on the banks of Stour. They made me a painter and I am grateful" (Reynolds, 31). Constable's next painting is a good example of his Romantic style. The Cornfield, painted in 1826, shows his Romantic vision of the countryside. The landscape is of the Suffolk countryside with "lovely valleys and peaceful farmhouses." As a young boy Constable would travel down that lane from East Bergholt to the Vale at Dedham on his way to school. There are a number of elements in the Cornfield that Constable focused on.

Harry Harlow

Compare and contrast research by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment This essay is looking at the similarities of two researchers into attachment. The aim is to present their work so as to compare and contrast the different approaches and techniques used by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. Even though they both had their different techniques in carrying out their experiments, the conclusion of their findings was very similar and this essay will be showing these findings by contrast.Both psychologists wanted to find out the underlying mechanics of attachment of mothers and their young. Firstly an American psychologist namely Harry Harlow who almost by accident started the most influential work in understanding attachment, fortunately discovered he was unable to carry out his original study regarding intelligence in rats, so he turned to the abilities of monkeys after seeing strange behaviour portrayed by the monkeys as he cleaned their cages. Subsequently he realised the fuss was being made from the extraction of the soft sanitary towels that were used in lining their cages.With this in mind he set out to prove the affection these monkey had for the sanitary towels was in fact â€Å"contact comfort† seeing as all their other needs were catered for and there was only adverse behaviour on the removal of the towels. He used rhesus macaques a medium sized monkey, which shares 94% DNA with humans â€Å"yet one must not be very careful how one interprets this genetic similarity. We share 50 per cent of our DNA with a banana†(Discovering Psychology, p. 204,2010). Harlow constructed two surrogate mothers for these babies to show affection or need. wire cylinder that provided milk, also in the cage was a structure made of wood covered in foam with a layer of towelling(also known as terry cloth in America). On viewing the action of the baby monkeys Harry Harlow confirmed his theory of â€Å"contact comfort†. He witnessed t he baby clinging on to the terry cloth mother for comfort and only reaching for the wire surrogate for food then returning back to the terry cloth mother. â€Å"In another experiment he showed that the babies treated the terry cloth mother as a â€Å"safe base† (Discovering psychology, p. 07,2010) On displacement of the mothers the only distressing reaction came about on removal of the terry cloth mother with no reaction to the removal of the wire mother which produced food. Upon this observation â€Å"Harlow hypothesised that the tactile qualities of stimuli were more important for infant monkeys bonding then the provision of food†(Discovering psychology, p202,2010) So the previous assumption of the cupboard love theory was superseded by Harlows observation of contact comfort.However this conclusion was reach in monkeys and does not automatically prove the same in humans but does give a basis for the t In looking at Marry Ainswoth's work on attachment it is seen ther e is a great difference in the subject and in the condition surrounding the research. Unlike Harlow who conducted his experiments in the controlled conditions of a laboratory, Ainsworth observed young babies from Ugandan families where she moved with her husband in 1953. Through the observation of the babies over â€Å"two hours every fortnight over a period of nine month†(Discovering Psychology, p. 16,2010) She witnessed that upon the mothers showing comfort to their young, the affection that was shown calmed them and stopped them crying, Ainsworth arrived at the conclusion similar to Harlow that the babies needed tactile stimuli or â€Å"contact comfort† the findings she reached coincided with the work of Harlow. She discovered that the displays witnessed and the validation of contact comfort showed infants became more confident to explore as long as the mothers were present, acting as a safe base in the same way the monkeys reacted to the terry cloth mother.This was shown through Harlows placing the monkey in an unfamiliar playroom, using both surrogate mothers. The positive reaction only came when the terry cloth mother was present, acting as a safe base â€Å"allowing infants to go off and explore or play, but also to rush back to if they felt threatened† (Discovering psychology,p. 207,2010) In comparison to Harlow's work Ainsworth because of ethics could not separate the baby from its mother due to the damage to their emotional and psychological well being.So upon which she used the technique of observation to seemingly reach the same result as Harlow in that attachment is based on â€Å"contact comfort†. Also realising in her study the importance of a â€Å"safe base† to infants, as in the observation research carried out on the Uganda families â€Å"if the mothers were unresponsive and emotionally detached, their infants seem to cry a lot more and often seemed clingy or insecure†(Discovering psychology, p. 216, 2010). We see the advantages of Ainsworh's study in wanting to find out about attachment in humans, by studying humans.As well as showing more credibility into the mechanics of human attachment it also provided Ainsworth with the opportunity to develop a highly influential procedure called the strange situation because of the complexity of humans. This procedure consisted of a series of seven episodes involving three participants, namely mother, baby and a stranger. Page 3 personal identifier: C3257246On completion of the procedure in the highly controlled environment (which limited the amount of emotional upset to the child on encountering and being left alone with the stranger that was constructed in one of the episodes) Ainsworth identified four different types of attachment in the infants used in the observation. While benefiting from the conclusion reached it was only on the basis of a single observation and did not take into account important factors such as the mood of the in fants and how well they slept.The study also produced a further problem when the research was carried out in different countries revealing a great difference in the four types of attachment witnessed in her strange situation. This begs the question of ecological validity and how a controlled observation with a set of episodes is not the same for mothers and infants where these circumstances never arise, as in Japan the strange situation procedure never took place as it seemed to be inappropriate since â€Å"those mothers never left their babies in a room alone with a stranger† (Discovering psychology, p. 20,2010). However Harlow had his advantages too. The behaviour in non-human animals that Harlow used can be easier to interpret and to explain the results as unequivocal. Like Ainsworth Harlow carried out further experiments to strengthen the theory of a safe base now that contact comfort was established. In one of the further experiments â€Å"Harlow found that when the bab ies were placed in a large room full of toys they would curl up in a terrified ball if there was no mother or just the wire surrogate present†(Discovering Psychology, p. 07,2010) So even though we cannot be sure of the degree of findings on non humans and how applicable they are to humans, we see that the findings of at least â€Å"contact comfort† are shared with the observations of Mary Ainsworth. In contrast to the different approaches taken by both the physiologists we understand that ethics plays a major role. In the case of Mary Ainsworth we see the question of ethics need not be approached, even In her later research the strange situation. ll necessary procedures were put in place so not to cause suffering to the infants. The view on ethics taken by Harlow was quite inadequate and became cruel and inhumane which was not a surprising as Harlow did not have too much love for animals. He once said that all he cared about was â€Å"whether a monkey will turn out pro perly I can publish. I don't have any love for them. I never have† (Discovering Psychology, p. 212, 2010)unlike Ainsworth who morally complied and stopped her experiment immediately when the infant showed any sign of distress.Although there was not any ethical guidelines in place upon Harlow carrying out his research, the British psychological society states that â€Å"psychologists must be able to demonstrate that the benefits of a study justify the cost to the animal in terms of suffering†(Discovering Psychology, p. 211,2010) So the influential work carried out by Harlow could be argued â€Å"the suffering was justified because human society benefits greatly from the knowledge†. (Discovering Psychology, p. 212,2010)In conclusion this essay has shown the different approaches both psychologists took, By doing so the essay showed the similarity and differences of both studies. The essay showed that the main underlying issue in the two studies was of ethics and bec ause of this the approaches were very different. However the influential work of Harry Harlow proved that â€Å"contact comfort† was the mechanism for attachment by showing systematically â€Å"that contact comfort was more important than food in the formation of attachment†. Discovering Psychology, p. 206, 2010) This essay also found the similarity in Mary Ainsworth's studies without approaching the question of ethics, and like Harlow came to a similar conclusion of â€Å"contact comfort†,Also appreciating the safe base theory Finally this essay appreciates the discoveries made by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on producing relevant information through there respective studies. Word count 1518 References: Brace, n. and Byford, j. (eds)Discovering Psycology(2010), Milton Keynes, The Open University. *

An important event that changed my life

There are many changes that can happen in a person’ s life. Some changes are very tiny and would not affect your life very much. However, other events could be very important and could change a person’ s whole life, such as getting married, having a baby, or losing someone special. The important event that changed my life is coming to the United States to study. When I first arrived in this country, I realized that a tremendous transformation would happen in my life both physically and mentally. After spending more than two months in the United States, I firmly believe that moving to the United States is a beneficial change for me. This change provides me a chance to lead a healthy lifestyle as well as a new way of thinking that are significant for me.It is essential to have this change as it offers me a healthy lifestyle. Before coming to the United States, I used to stay up late at night to study and wake up early in the morning. This was a hazard to my health that co uld cause me to get sick easily. When I decided to come to America, I made up my mind and determined to keep a healthy routine. For example, I enjoy the American-style meal which includes having a fresh salad instead of cooked vegetables. This method of cooking vegetables helps me absorb more vitamins from them. As a result, I can feel that I am becoming healthier and healthier. 3Additionally, this important change enables me to think differently and internationally. This is my first time living in a North-American country. Hence, I have a brand new opportunity to experience a new culture. Because I live in a multicultural society, living in Los Angeles has expanded my horizon on a lot of things – lifestyle, eating habits, and respectful greeting manners. By knowing more about different cultures, I have become more considerate and understanding of various habits as well as behaviors from different races. Consequently, I have changed into someone who has a new way of seeing di stinct issues happening around me.To sum up, mov ing to the United States was an important change in my life because of giving me the chance to have a healthy lifestyle and a new way of thinking. I have changed my eating and sleeping habits in a good way. Meanwhile, I have become more understanding of different cultures. Thus, this change is very important and beneficial for me An Important Event that Changed my Life There are many changes that can happen in a person’ s life. Some changes are very tiny and would not affect your life very much. However, other events could be very important and could change a person’ s whole life, such as getting married, having a baby, or losing someone special. The important event that changed my life is coming to the United States to study. When I first arrived in this country, I realized that a tremendous transformation would happen in my life both physically and mentally. After spending more than two months in the United States, I firmly believe that moving to the United States is a beneficial change for me. This change provides me a chance to lead a healthy lifestyle as well as a new way of thinking that are significant for me.It is essential to have this change as it offers me a healthy lifestyle. Before coming to the United States, I used to stay up late at night to study and wake up early in the morning. This was a hazard to my health that co uld cause me to get sick easily. When I decided to come to America, I made up my mind and determined to keep a healthy routine. For example, I enjoy the American-style meal which includes having a fresh salad instead of cooked vegetables. This method of cooking vegetables helps me absorb more vitamins from them. As a result, I can feel that I am becoming healthier and healthier.Additionally, this important change enables me to think differently and internationally. This is my first time living in a North-American country. Hence, I have a brand new opportunity to experience a new culture. Because I live in a multicultural society, living in Los Angeles has expanded my horizon on a lot of things – lifestyle, eating habits, and respectful greeting manners. By knowing more about different cultures, I have become more considerate and understanding of various habits as well as behaviors from different races. Consequently, I have changed into someone who has a new way of seeing dist inct issues happening around me.To sum up, mov ing to the United States was an important change in my life because of giving me the chance to have a healthy lifestyle and a new way of thinking. I have changed my eating and sleeping habits in a good way. Meanwhile, I have become more understanding of different cultures. Thus, this change is very important and beneficial for me.

Quasi Contract Essay

A legal agreement created by the courts between two parties who did not have a previous obligation to each other. A normal contract requires two parties to consent to mutually agreeable terms. Under a quasi contract, neither party is originally intended to create an agreement. Instead, an arrangement is imposed by a judge to rectify an occurrence of unjust enrichment. Investopedia explains ‘Quasi Contract’When one party knowingly receives something for nothing, the courts may impose a quasi contract. For example, if UPS delivers a new television to Zoe that she did not order and she keeps the television and does not attempt to return it to the company that mistakenly shipped it to her, a judge could impose a quasi-contract to force her to pay for the television. Zoe did not intend to purchase the TV, and the TV company did not intend to sell her a TV, but since she chose to benefit from the TV at the company’s expense, the court requires her to reimburse the TV co mpany to make the situation fair. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quasi-contract.asp#ixzz2Gnf6KBD4 What does Quasi Mean? Source: http://answers.ask.com/Reference/Dictionaries/what_does†¦ The word quasi means almost, sort of, near, not exact, or imperfect. It is when something is close to the original, or has traits of the original, but is not 100% perfect in comparison. A few examples are knock off purses and counterfeit money. For m More  » What is a quasi contract? Source: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5139973_quasi-contract.html?r†¦ A quasi-contract contract exists when one party has conferred a benefit on another; the party who conferred had reasonable expectation of getting paid; the party did not act as a volunteer in conferring the benefit; and the party receiving †¦ More  » What does quasi contract mean? Source: http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/quasi_contract.h†¦ 1. a contract created by law for reasons of justice without any expression of assent More  » What does quasi mutual assent mean in relation to the  contract? Source: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_quasi_mutual_assent†¦ When one being induced into contract without formal acceptance but only show with signs and actions that she or he accepts the offerer’s contract. More What is genuine consent? It is consent given freely, voluntarily and intelligently. The definition presupposes that: (a) the person giving the consent is qualified to do so. A minor under 18 for example cannot give his consent to a contract unless assisted by a legal guardian. (b) the consent-giver is not under duress, fraud, intimidation, undue influence, mistake, force, violence or threat. For example, a person who married under pain of death can later impugn the marriage for lack of consent (c) that the consent-giver is of sound mind. A crazy person or one heavily intoxicated cannot give consent unless it is given during a so-called lucid interval. All contracts are agreement but all agreement are not contracts Answer; A contract is a legally binding agreement or relationship that exists between two or more parties to do or abstain from performing certain acts. A contract can also be defined as a legally binding exchange of promises between two or more parties that the law will enforce. For a contract to be formed an offer made must backed acceptance of which there must be consideration. Both parties involved must intend to create legal relation on a lawful matter which must be entered into freely and should be possible to perform. An agreement is a form of cross reference between different parties, which may be written, oral and lies upon the honor of the parties for its fulfillment rather than being in any way enforceable. All contracts are agreement because there must be mutual understanding between two parties for a contract to be formed. All parties should agree and adhere to the terms and conditions of an offer. The following cases illustrate ways in which all contracts are agreements; In the case of invitation to treat, where an invitation to treat is merely an invitation to make an offer. When a firm’s offer is accepted it results into a contract provided other elements of contracts are accepted. Considering person A buying a radio on hire purchase from person B who deals with electronics and its appliances. Both parties must come to an agreement on payment of monthly installment within specified period of time. Such an agreement result to specialty contract which a contract under seal. All contracts are agreement until avoided for example, avoidable contract where one of the parties can withdraw from it if s/he wishes. This occurs due to minor agreement and misrepresentation or undue influence. Considering a case where person A make contract with person B but during the contract period B realizes that he was engaged to perform an agreement under undue influence. Mathematical Proof of the Rybczynski Theorem Mathematical Derivation (Source: Steve Suranovic 2005) The Rybczynski theorem demonstrates the effects of changes in the resource endowments on the quantities of outputs of the two goods in the context of the H-O model. One can apply the theorem anytime some change in the model causes a change in one of the endowments. This could occur as a country invests and thus raises its capital stock, if immigration or emigration occurs or as population growth or growth of the workforce occurs for other reasons. We use the two resource constraint conditions which must be satisfied in an equilibrium. (5c)| | (5d)| | The asterisks indicate that these unit-factor requirements are the optimal levels derived from the cost minimization exercise and are functions of the wage, w, and the rental rate on capital, r. We will assume that wages and rents remain fixed which implies that output prices remain fixed as well. Differentiating (5a) and (5d) with respect to L yields, (8a)| | (8b)| | Writing these in matrix form yields, This expression can now be solved using Cramer’s Rule to get, (9a)| | (9b)| | Whether these partial derivatives are positive or negative depends on the  signs of the denominator. Assume the denominator of each expression is less than zero.   Ã‚  This means that the denominator is negative if and only if production of good one is capital-intensive and production of good two is labor-intensive. So, let’s suppose that good one is capital-intensive (good two is labor-intensive). Then, since each unit factor requirement is positive. This implies, that if good one is capital-intensive (good two labor-intensive) and if the labor endowment rises, then the output of good one would fall and the output of good two would rise if output prices of both goods remained the same. If we conducted the same exercise for changes in the capital endowment, and we continue to assume that good one is capital-intensive and good two labor-intensive, then we would show that,  if we assumed the converse, i.e., if good one were labor intensive and good two capital intensive, then the signs of all of the above derivatives would be reversed. These results lead to the following general statement of the Rybczynski theorem. If a factor endowment in a country rises (falls), and if prices of the outputs remain the same, then the output of the good that uses that factor intensively will rise (fall) while the output of the other good will fall (rise).

Development of india Essay

Why India is still a Developing Nation and not a Developed Nation This resource will provide necessary information on why India is still a developing nation and not a developed nation even though there are lots of options provided by the government for the development criteria. India is one of the fastest developing countries in the world. But you can see the fact that the speed of the development is not as good when compared to the other countries that are already developed and that are much superior to India. There are many reasons behind the lack in the development criteria of India. Most of the people realize that India is very slow in development but they don’t focus on what to be done in order to make India a developed country. There are many issues in our country that are preventing India from becoming the developed nation. This resource will provide information on the issues that are preventing India to be the developed country. The reasons are as follows India holds the second rank in the population . There are many things to be taken into consideration because of the population issues. If a country is highly populated it is sure that the development of the country will also be very slow. There will be a lot of necessity for the resources to be shared among the people of the country . The major fact is that there should be resources available for the same to be distributed among the people. If the population of the country is brought into the proper control it can be said that there are lots of possibilities to make our country one of the developed countries.

United States History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States History - Essay Example The Spanish conquistadors conquered large empires in the New World. The Spanish colonizers had superior military technology and advanced military tactics that enabled them to form alliances with local tribes and carry out surprising attacks to conquer different areas. The Spanish conquistadors would then partition the conquered areas into encomiendas. The encomienda system converted Indians into slaves. In the sixteenth century, Spain had emerged as the most successful colonizer. Other colonizers such as England and France felt threatened by continued success of Spain in colonization. Spain was the first colonize America and had managed to capitalize on vast regions of America while other rivals such as England and France had not entered America. Spanish colonizers managed to acquire vast natural resources from its colonies and develop the economy in its mother country. Although the Spanish government was operating from Madrid it made use of viceroyalties, royal courts of appeal and audencias to manage its colonies in the new world. Megellan started circumnavigating the globe but natives killed him while he was crossing the Pacific. Spaniards then captured Aztec in 1519. In 1507, Waldseemuler named the newly discovered world as America. The terrain was characterized by harsh conditions. Moreover, few native laborers had been reduced to slaves. They could not satisfy the growing number of Spanish settlers. Therefore, Spanish started importing African slaves. Francisco later invaded and conquered Peru. Later on Jamestown was founded in Virginia for English settlement. In 1680, Pope Rebellion led to end of the encomienda system. 2) Describe the major difficulties that early settlers in Virginia encountered and how these difficulties were overcome. The early settlers in Virginia encountered numerous challenges. One of the challenges was hunger and disea ses, which left several of the settlers dead. Most of the settlers were vulnerable to diseases and most could hardly stand diseases. Although most of the settlers died due to famine, a number died from water poisoning. The river water they were using had slime, which caused salt poisoning, typhoid and dysentery. The poisoned water caused an epidemic that killed most of the colonizers. This resulted in disintegration of the leadership. Moreover, most of the remaining settlers were ill and could hardly work. In the early 1608, there was a fire that destroyed the fort as well as the colonist dwelling and provisions. This left the colonizers without food and they had to depend on Indians. Around 1609 major hunger had affected Virginia, resulted in instances of malnutrition, and made settlers vulnerable to diseases. Moreover, the local Indians retaliated and would and times attack the settler. The settlers overcome the challenges by carrying out faming to obtain food. Additionally, they would use guns to threaten the Indian attackers. Moreover, the settlers built a wall around their houses to prevent themselves from the attacks. The settler’s leaders such kept recruiting new settlers to replace the dead ones, which helped the colony survive. Moreover, the settlers imported slaves from Africa to help in the faming. 3) Define mercantilism and describe the obligations of the colonies under England’s mercantilist policies. Mercantilism was an economic system adopted by England, which was based on the belief the national wealth depended on the contribution of the colonies in supplying resources such as precious metal and purchasing the goods